Archive for 06月, 2007
星期六, 06月 30th, 2007
太空能看见长城、比萨斜塔试验、牛顿的灵感来自一个苹果、蒸汽机的发明源自茶壶烧水……这些科学传奇原来都不过是讹传。
科学赢了,感情输了!一个个盛行多年的荣誉型泡沫的破灭,在给我们带来震撼与遗憾的同时,也触动了我们内心深处微妙的情思。
太空看不见长城
曾几何时,我们被告知,宇航员在太空轨道上观察地球时,用肉眼只能辨认出这颗星球上两项非天然的特大工程,一项是我国的万里长城,另一项是荷兰的围海大堤。2000年高考语文题要求阅读理解的文章《长城》,就诗意地描述道:“外层空间能看到的地球上惟一的人工痕迹,就是你呵,长城!”
不过,“太空肉眼见长城”这一奇闻,长期以来却既令人感奋又饱受争议。前不久,中国科学院的一个科研团队最新完成的一项研究进一步确认:肉眼不可能从太空中看到长城,只有分辨率达到一定程度的卫星遥感才能获得长城影像。尽管长城的伟大跟能否从太空中看到它毫无瓜葛,尽管这一议题经历了多次基于科学逻辑推导下的严肃证伪,但其后围绕它而打起来的口水仗却从未消停。科学赢了,感情输了!一个盛行多年的荣誉型泡沫的破灭,在给我们带来震撼与遗憾的同时,也触动了我们内心深处微妙的情思。
揭示真相、探求真理,科学免不了要显出它“残酷无情”的一面。
捏造的牛顿苹果
且让我再将几个人们耳熟能详但几近被“终结”的科学传奇一一道来:
伽利略(1564-1642)在比萨斜塔上所做的那个一举推翻亚里士多德落体定理的著名实验,几百年来一直为人们所津津乐道,可许多学者都怀疑这个神话般的故事的真实性,因为除了伽利略的弟子兼传记作者维维安等极少数人外,伽利略和其他同时代人都从未明确提到过如此有名的“判决性实验”。当代著名科学家霍金认为,这个故事“几乎可以肯定并非真事”,并写道:他(伽利略)已经在倾斜的平面上做过实验,为什么还要在没有准确计时方式的情况下爬到高塔上去验证呢?真是活见鬼!
牛顿(1642-1727)因看到苹果落地而受到启发导出了万有引力灵感的故事也广为流传,它完美地象征着通过观察普遍事物就能突然涌现灵感的概念革命。可《最后的炼金术士:牛顿传》的作者迈克尔·怀特在深入研究后认为,这个出自好几个源头的逸闻几乎可以确定是捏造的,要不然就是对事实的添油加醋和过度渲染。而科学史家早就注意到,苹果的故事直至牛顿辞世前一年(1726年)才由他本人说出口,这与他做出伟大发现的那个“奇迹年”(1666年)相距长达60年。
无独有偶,凯库勒也是在他做出重大发现35年后才谈及,当年他在公共马车上打盹时梦见了一条扭动着并自咬尾巴的蛇,脑子里突然灵光闪现,终于想明白了苯环结构。但凯库勒(1829-1896)的梦境逸闻一传开,就遭到了许多同行的抨击。试想:一门好不容易才从其旧的炼丹术底子里脱离出来的新兴学科,居然是建立在一个扭动着并自咬尾巴的蛇的梦境上,未免也太邪乎了吧?据《阿基米德的浴缸——评科学中的若干神话故事》一书披露,此事过后一个世纪,美国化学协会在1985年召开的年会还曾专门讨论苯事件,有两位美国化学家在会上声称:凯库勒不可能梦到那个著名的分子式。
蒸汽机无关壶盖
如果说,上面这些令人起疑的美妙故事,可以视为须发尽白的老者对其过往烟云最后投下的温柔一瞥,这多少还合乎常情、可以理解,那么,瓦特(1736-1819)因看到水壶壶盖被蒸汽掀动而受到启迪发明蒸汽机的故事,则纯粹是编造了。实际上,瓦特打算制造自己的蒸汽机的想法,是在他修理他的同胞托马斯·纽科门(1663-1729)发明的一台原型蒸汽机时产生的。他的发动机,实际上是几百年以来前人的经验和设计的结晶。
根据瓦特的一位表妹所讲述的故事,瓦特似乎在很小的时候就对蒸汽着迷。“有一天晚上,瓦特和他的婶婶米尔黑德太太一起坐在茶桌旁,他婶婶对他说,‘瓦特,我从来没有看到过像你这么懒的小孩。拿着一本书,无所事事,整整一个钟头一句话也不说。不停地掀开茶壶的盖子又把它盖上,一会儿拿杯子,一会儿拿银调羹放在蒸汽上,看着它怎么从壶口喷出来,还把蒸汽凝成的热水滴收集起来。这样浪费自己的时间,你不觉得害羞吗?’”这可能就是瓦特传奇的一个源头。
副产品、简化与误读
不用说,孩提时几乎每个人都听大人讲过或从课外读物上看到过科学家的传奇故事。“神奇”、“有趣”、“难得一遇”通常是人们从中获得的“第一印象”,而其“副产品“则很有可能会诱发人们对科学世界的向往,同时也难免会导致人们对科学发现与科学活动产生某些误读。因为这些传奇故事凸显的是灵感、偶然和机遇,它们往往“简化”了科学发现与科学活动的曲折历程,忽略乃至掩盖了做出这些发现的真实历史条件以及其他探究者所付出的艰辛努力。
最后再讲个并非传奇的小故事吧。E·T·贝尔著《数学大师——从芝诺到庞加莱》一书提到,德国杰出的数学家高斯(1777-1855)对牛顿十分钦佩,也很清楚牛顿是经过长期艰苦的准备工作和不间断的思考,才取得他最伟大的成就的。也正因为如此,有关牛顿和苹果的传奇故事让高斯非常愤慨,他嚷道:“愚蠢!如果你愿意,就相信这个故事好了。但事情的真相是这样的:一个愚蠢的、爱管闲事的人问牛顿,他是怎样发现万有引力定律的。牛顿看出他是在跟一个只有儿童智力水平的人打交道,便想避开这个讨厌的家伙,于是就回答说,有一个苹果掉下来,打在了他的鼻子上。那个人完全明白了,非常满意地走开了。”
科学伴随神话而生,揭穿神话同样也很有趣啊。
Posted in 科普文章 | No Comments »
星期五, 06月 29th, 2007
玉米的另外一个QTL Vgt1终于被图位克隆:
Salvi S, Sponza G, Morgante M, Tomes D, Niu
X, Fengler KA, Meeley R, Ananiev EV, Svitashev S, Bruggemann E, Li
B, Hainey CF, Radovic S, Zaina G, Rafalski JA, Tingey SV, Miao GH,
Phillips RL, Tuberosa R.
Conserved noncoding genomic sequences associated with a
flowering-time quantitative trait locus in maize.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jun 26; [Epub ahead of
print]
NIL精细定位,关联分析找功能位点,超表达或者RNAi进一步验证功能!几乎成了数量性状基因的流程操作!尽管作者对关联分析好象有点担心。
该QTL给我们的几点重要启示:
1。非编码序列也有重要功能?!
2。小RNA具有重要作用?
上次玉米会议碰到该课题组的一个研究生,基于此材料,他们已经构建了几十个IL系,Vgt2-6的克隆已经在进行之中!!玉米QTL克隆的报道将如雨后春笋!!!
Posted in 每周推荐 | No Comments »
星期四, 06月 28th, 2007
Dear MaizeCooperators,
As many
of you know, we have been developing a sequence-indexed collection
of Ds insertions
(http://www.plantgdb.org/prj/AcDsTagging/).
Each line contains one or two novel Ds insertions that are
maintained in a uniform W22 inbred line. To date
we have generated sequence flanking approximately 900 Ds insertion
sites. We are actively
developing resources to make screening this collection user
friendly. These resources include several
periodically updated web pages:
A BLAST page to query our
fDs collection with your favorite genes or BACs, etc. of
interest:
Ds insertion sites mapped to
BAC assemblies:
Ds insertion sites mapped to
GSS assemblies:
We have
also generated a browsable list of putative gene insertion sites
using the MAGI assemblies and their gene annotation as a
framework:
and are
working on incorporating Alice Barkan’s POG annotations
(http://plantrbp.uoregon.edu/) to ascribe
putative functions to Ds flanking
sequences.
We invite
and encourage the maize research community to explore the
collection. Seed stocks for all lines are
currently available and can be ordered from the Brutnell lab
($40/line
academia; $100/line
industry). You will need to fill out an order
form (http://www.plantgdb.org/prj/AcDsTagging/order_instructions.php ) and
we will distribute approximately 10 seed to you.
All Ds insertions
segregate 1:1 in our testcross populations, so you will need to
self pollinate all the plants to ensure recovery of the Ds insertion and to uncover
recessive mutations. When you order a line we
will also propagate the materials in either our summer or winter
nursery to ensure that the seed stocks are maintained and to
provide you with additional seedstocks (@100k) once we harvest the
bulked materials. None of this material is
transgenic and no MTA is required.
Please
keep in mind that this is a growing collection.
Each month for the next 2 + years we will be placing approximately
200 new Ds insertions on the physical
map, so check back often!
Your feedback is greatly
appreciated.
Best
regards,
Tom
Brutnell, Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University
Erik
Vollbrecht, Iowa State University
Volker
Brendel, Iowa State University
Thomas
Brutnell
Associate
Scientist
Boyce Thompson
Institute
Cornell
University
Tower Road
Ithaca, NY 14853
(607) 254-8656
Posted in 每周推荐 | No Comments »
星期三, 06月 27th, 2007
|
Bradbury PJ, Zhang Z, Kroon DE, Casstevens TM,
Ram-Doss Y, Buckler ES. |
|
|
TASSEL: Software for Association Mapping of Complex Traits in
Diverse Samples.
Bioinformatics. 2007 Jun
22; [Epub ahead of print]
张志武老师的文章,介绍TASSEL软件的应用短文。估计以后植物关联分析都会借用该软件,或许如QTL分析的WQTL软件。软件相当的友好,使用方便。
除了关联分析之外,该软件还可以进行QTL定位,尤其处理大量标记数据的时候,如>2000标记的连锁分析,CIM的分析方法的缺点就显现出来了!
另还可以学习该文章的写法!
BTW,Bioinformatics的IF降的真是快啊,都小于5了,几乎所有和BIOINFORMATICS有关的杂志都江河日下!
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Posted in 每周推荐 | No Comments »
星期二, 06月 26th, 2007
Cornell大学的Zhang
zhiwu博士将于近期回国探亲,他将受邀在中国农大,中国农科院和华中农业大学等地作学术报告。
张老师是统计方面的专家,1991年在东北农业大学,1998年在美国密歇根大学分别拿到博士学位,后在Cornell大学进行博士后研究,之后留在Cornell大学工作。
植物关联分析的著名软件TASSEL,他是主要的开发者。他对关联分析有比较深刻的理解,在群体数量遗传学领域有相当深刻的造诣。张老师也是极具有生活情趣的人,去年花2周休假时间为5岁女儿修建的tree
house和他的科学研究一样有创意!让我留恋往返!希望从事相关研究的老师同学有机会能积极参与探讨!
中国农业大学的报告题目是:
A Key to Solve the
Mystery of Heterosis
时间:2007-6-28 下午 (具体时间请注意农大网的海报)
这个是过去半年来,我与他合作成果的展示!对杂种优势遗传基础阐述和预测的新尝试!
Although heterosis has been widely used and improved the animal
and plant production in the world, its genetic base was still not
well understand. Consequently, the potential of heterosis has not
been fully utilized. There are two obstacles preventing heterosis
from being understood. The first is that the heterosis is not an
observation that can be directly measured on single individual. It
was usually presented by the difference of cross from the average
of parents. As a consequence, a 125% of residual variance was mixed
to the total variation of heterosis. The second obstacle is that
heterosis is caused by non additive genetic effect including
dominance and epitasis. Although many efforts have been done to
overcome the second obstacle, the picture on heterosis is still not
very clear as the first obstacle defeat the efforts on solving the
second obstacle. A better estimate of heterosis was derived which
contains less residual variation. It was approved by simulation
that the estimate has higher power than the conventional
presentation for detecting QTL that control heterosis. A real
example from “IF2” population in maize was employed to illustrate
the enhancement of using the heterosis estimate for exploring the
genetic basis of heterosis and predicting performances for breeding
superior hybrid.
中国农科院和华中农业大学的报告题目是:
Filtering False
Positives in Genotype‐Phenotype Association
Analyses
CAAS时间:2007-6-29 上午9:00
地点:中国农科院重大科学工程楼二楼报告厅
HZAU时间:2007-7-6
(具体时间和地点见HZAU海报)
The discoveries of genotype‐phenotype
associations have been rapidly expanded for many economic important
traits and human diseases due the cost‐effective genotyping
technologies.
As quite amount of reports were questionable for replication,
reducing false positives in the association analysis is becoming
crucial to restore creditability in the science community. The
genotype‐phenotype association has been dissected to the
association by physical linkage,
which is more replicable, and many other associations that cause
false positives. A variety of genetic and statistical models,
including mixed model were presented to decompose the association
components. The considerations for model selection were discussed
to pursue the goal of maximizing statistical power and minimizing
false positive imultaneously. Three free software packages (SAS
macro LORG, MTDFREML and TASSEL) were described for using the most
advanced genetic and statistical model with the minimum effort from
researchers. Finally,
two real examples (one in animal and one in plant) were given to
illustrate one of the most difficult processes of QTL mapping and
show the advantage of collaboration to discover QTL.
2007-6-28
上午在农科院畜牧所还有一个纯统计分析方面的讲座,有兴趣的也可以去听听!
Posted in 其它 | No Comments »
星期一, 06月 25th, 2007
谢谢,biqing如此富有创意的冰激凌蛋糕和一直以来的照顾!也祝愿你能在今年顺利拿到博士学位!为母校再建功立业!“好人Liang
Biqing传”依然会渊远流传!
谢谢,Guoqiang和Li夫妇的潘多拉盒子,多少年来除夫人之外有人送生日礼物,惊喜ing!打开了,意味着更大的动力!还要谢谢,Li如此无微不至的后勤服务!
谢谢Junyun
和开心母女的光临,并祝愿开心今天早上的行程平安,祝贺Junyun顺利拿到cornell的学位,并马上开始新的学习生活!
谢谢,Junchen,
谢谢,Chuan,世界是这样的小,让我们在Cornell相遇!
对青年才俊说世界是你们的!:)那是嫉妒,所以也应该自信的说当然也是我的!
感谢母亲!感谢夫人!感谢一切注视着我的人!尽管走路还会不断摔倒,但相信自己爬起来的勇气会随着年龄的增长而与日俱增!
Posted in 生活感悟 | No Comments »
星期六, 06月 23rd, 2007
上周末,实验室的张老师邀请我去钓鱼,尽管此前没有钓鱼的经验,但还是想体验一下在美国钓鱼的滋味。驱车大约20分钟来到一个静谧的小湖,正是傍晚,三三两两游泳的人让我知道这个地方原来是有人的,钓鱼的也有零零散散几个,蓝天碧水和茂密森林中的小湖,然后悠闲的人群,想想,很美!张老师简单传授技巧后,我便跃跃欲试开始实践了,这个不是姜太公钓鱼静待上钩,而是甩钓,不停的抛钩再拉起来,呵呵,其实也是力气活,非常不幸的一条鲈鱼在我的第一杆下去的时候,便奋不顾身的咬上来,我也当仁不让,尽管手忙脚乱但也没轻易让战利品跑掉。
初战告捷,信心大增,试图如法炮制让战利品更丰盛些。与经验丰富的张老师打一枪换一个地方相比,我更热衷于守株待兔,尽管兔子直到太阳彻底下山也没有再来。张老师满湖边的跑,战利品比我丰盛点钓到2条大的。扛着战利品,翻山越岭尽管略有劳累之感,但在品尝了鲜美的鱼头豆腐汤后,才发现自己的精湛手艺竟然并没有时间而消退!
于是思念起钓鱼起来,主要是思念美味的鲈鱼。昨天晚上12点张老师又通知我去钓鱼,今天一大早(迄今在美国起的最早的一次),张老师把我叫起来,又故伎重演,呵呵,尽管有大鱼拉断了鱼线,无数次看到鱼头而不能最终得手的焦心情况发生,在沉下心来的斗智斗勇中,终于人战胜了鲈鱼而没有能让我空手而归!
看来注定是一个有鱼汤喝的周末!明天和朋友一起分享!
呵呵,手拿战利品在晚风中微笑!
静谧的小湖
湖里的生物可不少,这家伙比看见的要大的多!几十斤是有的!
Posted in 海外见闻 | No Comments »
星期六, 06月 23rd, 2007
招聘玉米遗传育种方向的博士后,建议毕业或者即将毕业的玉米背景的各位试一试。Kevin非常nice的科学家,和中国很多单位有联系。所以至少推荐信不是问题!记得我面试的时候,与他一个小时的talk,他一个问题也没有,开车带我到他地了逛了一圈。反到是我问了不少问题!:)也是CIMMYT为数不多的真正的育种家。
BTW,如果看不到图片,又对内容非常感兴趣,可以EMAIL给我!
Posted in 其它 | No Comments »
星期五, 06月 22nd, 2007
这是美国玉米界的大牛们讨论的玉米研究的现在和未来:原文比较长,需要的可以EMAIL给我。
Key biological issues
define our research goals and
directions:
1.Maize is the
pre-eminent model for studying genome evolution and trait variation
due to its unsurpassed natural diversity, genome duplication
history and range of adaptations.
2.Because adaptation is critical to agriculture, maize research
will continue to be a model for understanding the basis of genetic
interactions with the environment.
3.Study of maize heterosis will provide key information about how
genes and alleles interact.
4.Maize will continue to lead in the area of epigenetics.
Imprinting, paramutation and transposons were discovered in maize
and are readily studied with color markers.
5.Maize is positioned as a leading model for developing cellulosic
biofuels for the future.
6.Maize is a model for the study of development and physiology of
unique traits such as C4 photosynthesis, a persistent endosperm,
inflorescence structure, etc.
7.Maize cytogenetics is highly advanced and continues to provide
tools for understanding mechanisms of meiosis and for developing
the potential of chromosome manipulation.
Challenging
unanswered questions in biology best addressed by research on
maize
Discoveries in the current genomic era of biology have generated
new questions and enabled new approaches to long-standing
questions. The maize community discussed these issues in broad
terms and then focused on the subset of questions that could
clearly be addressed best in maize due to its unique development
and biology, its genetic and evolutionary history and its genome
architecture.
1.How is genomic diversity maintained, and how
does it change during evolution?
2.What is the underlying molecular genetic basis for specific
traits in a species?
3.Can we use maize to predict what genes will regulate plant growth
in related species?
4.Can natural variation provide information to develop novel
breeding traits?
5.What drives genome evolution, and how are these processes
impacted by interaction with the environment?
6.What is the genetic, molecular and physiological basis of hybrid
vigor (heterosis)?
7.What are the impacts of sequence-independent inheritance
(epigenetics) on the growth development and evolution of
maize?
8.How does cytogenetic variation impact genome architecture,
agronomic traits, and plant breeding efforts?
Posted in 每周推荐 | No Comments »
星期四, 06月 21st, 2007
本周再推荐一篇!
NCI-NHGRI Working Group on Replication in
Association Studies
Replicating genotype-phenotype
associations. Nature. 2007 Jun
7;447(7145):655-60
关联分析基本是动物尤其人基因发掘和功能验证的唯一手段,最近在植物中也欣欣向荣,尤其玉米是最适合的材料。
但如何看待关联分析的结果,如何分析数据,如何写文章?值得思考!
Nature杂志刊登的观点文章,非常的有指导意义。我总结一句话就是:
在设计合理的前提下,对数据细节的苛刻追求是发高档次文章的重要保证!
作者尤其强调了重复试验设计的重要性,阴性结果的分析,数据分析和写作的要求等等,其细致程度可谓教小学生写作文!
强烈建议,各位想发高档次文章的仔细读读,如做关联分析,这个基本可以成为行动圣经!当然对其他实验也有指导意义,尤其三个框框的东西,应该一条一条领会!
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